Design history is the study of how people have shaped objects, systems, and environments—from early tools to complex digital interfaces. For UX (user experience) designers, it reveals how past innovations, principles, and cultural shifts still shape modern user experiences. Knowing this past helps designers ground modern work in tested ideas and inspires more informed decisions.
Track the history of design and discover how the timeless principles of what designers create now echo from a storied design past.
Consider any innovation or design—from a smartphone or an Amazon Kindle, to a desktop keyboard, or another device or digital product, maybe the last website you visited. What makes it relevant? Is it a “must-have” item (perhaps the smartphone, at least)? However old that item may be, think about how it resonates with its target audience—how the people who bought or received it as a gift appreciate the design, especially when it was brand-new.
“New” and “now” especially seem to mirror the fast-paced twenty-first century, which has seen many innovations enter the public consciousness and stay in popular demand. For many people, the history of design might seem a secondary or low-priority subject, perhaps too academic for even most designers to feel the need to delve into much. After all, surely it’s better to watch the horizon for the next best thing to hit the market and make life better, more exciting, or more “convenient”? And doesn’t “history” capture an element of some once-new innovation that either failed or was superseded by something else? Surely its place is now in the past—consigned to a kind of global “digital museum” as a model number with a dated look, becoming more rarely considered in its users’ memories as time marches on?
“The past is a foreign country: they do things differently there.”
— L.P. Hartley, Novelist
L.P. Hartley’s quote is perhaps a fitting way to capture the sentiment of keeping up with forward-facing design. However, good design—UX design included—doesn’t “happen” in a vacuum, and there’s more to it than keeping a pulse on the present while monitoring how future trends might manifest. Design history is more than a record of styles—it’s a living resource for UX practitioners. When designers (and anyone else interested) study the history of design, they can see how evolving technologies, social needs, and cultural values have shaped the ways people interact with products and systems. In particular, the benefits of knowing where design has come from are significant, as they empower designers to:
From the ergonomic tools of early civilizations to the standardization efforts of the Industrial Revolution, usability has been central to effective design. Peering past the dust and sands of many eras, right back to the ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians, one can notice the surviving evidence of tools and structures built for use—the earliest drills, saws, granaries, the list continues as long as the years extend back. Moreover, many ergonomic principles from industrial design—like hand-fit, reach distances, and task efficiency—translate directly into digital UX concepts such as touch target size and menu depth.
Get a firmer foundation on why usability matters to design and users, in this video.
Much of what turns up on screens as conventional ways to access users comes from the worlds of graphic design, first and foremost, and architecture. Fundamentally, despite the connection with aesthetics which design and art have, they are different. Design is not art, because the functional purpose of design keeps it apart. The signatures and tools from the “analogue” design world carry over neatly to UI (user interface) design. For example, grids from Swiss graphic design still underpin responsive web layouts. Bauhaus minimalism—embodied in many early twentieth-century buildings—still informs digital product UI, favoring clarity over ornament. When designers recognize these patterns, it helps them avoid reinventing the wheel.
Explore why graphic design is still important to UX design and how well good graphic designs can succeed, in our video.
History is full of over-engineered products and interfaces that ignored human needs and either vanished quietly or left a sour taste in the collective palate of a large number of people. For whatever reason they failed, understanding why they failed sharpens a UX designer’s ability to critique and refine, so sparing users from difficult-to-use products and safeguarding their brands in the process.
Find out about one particularly disastrous result of poor design, in our video with Don Norman: Father of User Experience design, author of the legendary book The Design of Everyday Things, and Co-Founder of the Nielsen Norman Group.
“In the right place at the right time” seems to capture how design has always reflected societal priorities—post-war efficiency, 1960s optimism, digital democratization. UX design inherits this narrative and keeps in step with what matters to enough people for a design trend to matter. A modern example is how accessibility and inclusivity as primary design values trace back to earlier universal design principles. Where before, accessibility had been more of an afterthought in design, it’s now a legal requirement in many jurisdictions to ensure people with disabilities can enjoy access to products and services.
Explore how to make accessible designs that help both users with disabilities and users without disabilities, in our video.
When designers and their teams know historical precedents, they’re equipped to communicate ideas clearly with peers, stakeholders, and clients. For example, saying “We’ll use a Swiss-style grid” conveys both visual and usability intent.
Apple cleanly shows an application of Swiss-style grids in a layout that neatly guides the eye and keeps usability in sharp perspective.
© Apple, Fair use
A “select history” may be more appropriate to condense this essential subject, as influential developments have been occurring since ancient times and through many eras—for example, the legacy of Renaissance polymath, Leonardo da Vinci, with his early designs of a helicopter, submarine, and more. Most fundamentally, the following main eras exemplify design developments and shifts.
Even ancient designs addressed both function and human use; a fact which is sometimes hard to appreciate, for example, if one mistakes what one sees as the “trappings” of mysticism or even magic. For example, Egyptian hieroglyphs balanced readability and symbolism, a parallel to modern iconography in UI design. Chinese scroll layouts anticipated vertical digital feeds, with rhythm and pacing guiding the reader.
UX Parallels
The key point for UX designers is that hierarchy, clarity, and cultural literacy have always shaped user experience—whether on papyrus or pixels.
A view into ancient Egypt from a visual design that communicates a great deal of information—relevant to its time and place.
© Pexels, Photo by AXP Photography.
Mass production changed design forever, as standardized parts, typefaces, and manufacturing processes required designs to be scalable and efficient. The growth of industrial design as a profession emphasized human factors in tools and machines—an early version of usability engineering.
UX Parallels
The idea of designing for repeatability matches today’s component libraries and design systems.
Early advertising layouts used typographic hierarchy much like UX design uses information architecture (IA).
Explore how to lay out better designs with effective information architecture, in our video.
In the previous century, modern design broke away from the conventions that had preceded it—several movements stand out as prominent examples:
Bauhaus (1919–1933) rejected ornament and merged art, craft, and technology. The movement’s embrace of function, simple geometry, and standardization laid groundwork for UI minimalism.
De Stijl (1917–1931) stripped design to elemental shapes and primary colors—its clarity still informs modern dashboards and modular layouts.
UX Parallels
Bauhaus: function-first UI, clear affordances, simple navigation.
De Stijl: color as a structural cue in interfaces, not just decoration.
A Bauhaus building exhibits a clean functionalism that one might find echoed in, for example, Google’s home page—and not just because of all the white space here.
© Pexels, Photo by Birgit Böllinger.
As time wore on, “design modernity” took further, interesting new directions, which carry over into interface design and interaction design noticeably, such as:
Swiss style, which emphasized grids, sans-serif typography, and objectivity in visual communication.
Corporate identity systems—for example, IBM and Lufthansa—showed how consistency builds trust just as brand style guides now ensure digital UX coherence translate the brand’s values to the public.
Ergonomic research influenced physical controls, which informed early human–computer interface design.
UX Parallels
Swiss grids “equate” to responsive web frameworks.
Discover how to reach users across many screen sizes through responsive design, in this video with Frank Spillers: Service Designer, Founder and CEO of Experience Dynamics.
Corporate identity remains a vital factor in consistent component styling in design systems.
Ergonomics remains the science behind button placement and gesture comfort zones.
Ergonomics and designing for comfort remain primary considerations for designers, as these hand-reach comfort zones on smart phones show, with left-hand use, combined use, and right-hand use.
© Interaction Design Foundation, CC BY-SA 4.0
Although the first computers emerged in the 1940s, they would largely remain in specialized environments until the 1970s. By the 1980s, computers had made the “mainstream” move into offices and homes. Xerox PARC’s work on the graphical user interface (GUI) introduced windows, icons, menus, and pointers—the WIMP paradigm—a strong “standard” which Apple and Microsoft later popularized.
Key Milestones
The 1984 Macintosh prioritized friendly onboarding through icons and metaphors, with UI staples such as the desktop and trash can.
Don Norman’s book The Design of Everyday Things (1988) formalized affordances, feedback, and mental models in interaction design, bringing usability—and the need for it—to a level of popular awareness that had been hitherto unknown.
UX Parallels
Metaphor use in onboarding, such as folders in file management apps.
Visual feedback loops in digital interactions.
Explore how to make designs that work well because users can tell what to do with what they easily find on display, in our video about affordances.
The term “user experience” gained mainstream use in the late 1990s, thanks largely to renowned cognitive scientist Don Norman’s popularizing the term (Norman was actually the first person to have “UX” in their job title). The 2000s saw it gain ground to become formalized as a profession and achieve widespread use as a term. UX design encompasses a vast realm that spans—among other “subsets”—user research, interaction design, and information architecture.
Discover how to build solid user research as a firm foundation on which to set powerful designs that resonate with real users, in our video.
Digital product teams, including UX and UI designers, now apply history-rooted principles—such as hierarchy from print, modularity from industrial design, and affordances from product ergonomics—to responsive web design, mobile UX design and app design, augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR), and voice user interfaces (VUIs).
Get a greater understanding of how to design for mobile screens, in this video with Frank Spillers.
Addressing every “contribution” to contemporary UX design practices in a way that would do justice to the “contributors” would involve a long list. However, the impact of several cultural design traditions remains profound this far into the Digital Age. For example, many geometric designs offer lessons in scalable, modular patterns for complex data visualizations, while African textile pattern systems demonstrate color coding and symbolism (useful in data-driven storytelling). The examples on “offer” can reward any designer desiring to research this subject further.
Of special note is Japanese design, with the principles of ma (space) and minimalism that have had an undeniable influence on clean, spacious UI layouts. When designers respect rhythm, modularity, and culturally resonant symbolism, they can improve clarity and engagement for global audiences.
Discover how to design to resonate with users from other cultures, in this video with Alan Dix: Author of the bestselling book “Human-Computer Interaction” and Director of the Computational Foundry at Swansea University.
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While it borders on being unrealistic to suggest a “UX design history approach” in the form of a step-by-step guide, try this practical way to harness the power of the past in the present moment for the benefit of future users.
When starting a project, research design movements or products with similar goals. For example, a fintech dashboard may benefit from Swiss grid structure for clarity.
Distill methods from history into practical tools:
From Bauhaus, prioritize functional clarity.
From De Stijl, use restrained color to signal categories.
From Japanese ma, keep whitespace purposeful.
With its asymmetrical compositions and elementary shapes among its primary “signatures,” De Stijl (Dutch for “the style”) arguably echoes across from the early twentieth century to inspire screen layout choices for modern UX designers.
© Theo van Doesburg, Fair use.
Consider translating physical or print-based practices into digital equivalents. For example, letterpress spacing principles can inspire mobile line height and paragraph spacing. Apply a sharp eye for typography and what you include as UX writing, such as micro-copy, to ensure legibility (that users can easily make out the text) and readability (that they can understand it easily, too).
Explore how to apply smart typographical choices to deliver messages effectively and elegantly, in this video with Mia Cinelli: Associate Professor of Art Studio and Digital Design at The University of Kentucky.
Apply historical design logic in wireframes and prototypes. For example, you might use modular De Stijl blocks to organize a complex settings panel—mindfully.
Explore how to use prototyping to test design ideas before they might become expensive missteps, in this video with Alan Dix.
Conduct usability testing to confirm that borrowed historical ideas enhance clarity, not just aesthetics—that “yesterday thing” needs to be relevant now.
If these historically informed decisions are successful, add them to your design system for consistent application. If not, at least you’ll have learned a valuable lesson hopefully at the prototyping stage.
Get “out” there and learn more about what was important (and remains important) to the history of design and why. Read books, visit museums, research design history, and find yourself inspired by the past to build something innovative for the present, something that might become historically significant for the future as well.
To design with present and future users in mind while lifting principles from the past can be precarious if designers don’t approach the subject with discretion, insight, and a firm grasp of design principles. Watch the following areas in particular:
Avoid historical literalism: Lift principles, not exact reproductions—remember, earlier designers had different solutions to what may seem to be the same problem, for a reason.
Cultural sensitivity: When borrowing from global traditions, understand meaning and avoid tokenism—make solutions count for people from different cultures who encounter and use your design.
Balance nostalgia with relevance: Users value ease over historical homage; that means pragmatic application and current needs outweigh sentiments about the “good old days.”
Test for fit: Aesthetic homage—sometimes taking the form of “retro”—should never undermine accessibility or usability. Designs need to fit users’ needs, not the users fitting the design’s “needs.” There’s no room for “retro-fitting” the users into the design.
Design principles are a good “insurance policy” to help design for real users in the real world. Size, color, contrast, alignment, repetition, proximity, whitespace, and texture and style form main components of a designer’s toolkit. For example, size, color, contrast, and alignment help greatly with readability. Whitespace does, too, and gives breathing space to the page or screen, also factoring as an aid to repetition and proximity (how close elements are to each other). Texture and style help cue users to interactive elements, for example, like buttons.
© Interaction Design Foundation, CC BY-SA 4.0
Design history shows that UX design isn’t a sudden invention—it’s the latest chapter in a centuries-long story of shaping experiences for people. The same concerns—clarity, function, emotion, cultural fit—run from carved tools to mobile apps. And much of what was relevant to the user needs of the remote past became firm foundations for later designers to build on. The only design-related thing that separates users from long ago from users now is evident in the “ago” and “now”—time and, by association, technological advancements that came with the need to overcome the problems faced.
“Good design is a language, not a style.”
— Massimo Vignelli, Designer of the iconic New York City subway map, modernist furniture, iconic kitchenware, logos, and much more
To bring the above quote back to L.P. Hartley’s one about the past’s being another country with different customs, one can notice the timelessness of design as a kind of language to speak back through the ages—and ahead. Design history will continue as long as users need solutions. By casting their minds back with a mature understanding of how current and future design are inseparable from their “roots,” designers can add a helpful—if not essential—lens to view their UX design process through. However, it’s more than appreciating how modern design can’t be divorced from earlier design traditions that worked well for a reason and became shoulders to stand upon. Designers also need a strong UX skill set and firm grasp of design principles.
Drawing from movements like Bauhaus for clarity, Swiss Style for structure, and non-Western traditions for rhythm and symbolism, UX designers can gain a richer awareness and deep, principled foundation to complement their design principles and other “tools” with. This context helps them create products that are not only functional but culturally aware, aesthetically resonant, and rooted in a tested legacy, too. Ultimately, the past is the past, but designs that remain relevant will last. Good designs that age don’t fall away into the mists of time or become relegated to history books; they endure and adapt thanks to the efforts of those who understand the value of UX design history.
Get right into User Experience design from the start, in our course User Experience: The Beginner’s Guide.
Enjoy where design is heading in our Master Class Design for the 21st Century with Don Norman, Founding Director - Design Lab, University of California, San Diego. Co-Founder, Nielsen Norman Group.
Discover fascinating and helpful points about how to design to insightfully balance “fresh and familiar” for contemporary audiences and into the future, using the MAYA principle.
Explore how to bring lessons from the past into modern designs, in the Smashing Magazine article Learning From The Past: Design Legacies & Arts.
Pick up fascinating insights in the Uxcel piece A Short History of UX Design.
Find further helpful points in The UX Design Institute Blog’s The complete history of UX (User experience).
Discover more about Swiss style and how to use it in Justinmind’s Swiss style web design: Everything you need to know.
UX (user experience) design grew from industrial design, graphic design, and human factors engineering. Early industrial designers focused on function and aesthetics for physical products. Graphic designers refined visual communication and influenced digital layout and branding. Human factors specialists studied how people interact with machines, paving the way for “usability.”
As computing spread in the 1980s and 1990s, designers began applying these principles to digital interfaces. The shift to UX came when technology required not just attractive visuals but intuitive, user-centered systems. Today, UX design blends psychology, design thinking, and digital technology, creating seamless experiences across devices. This evolution mirrors the shift from designing static artifacts to crafting dynamic, interactive ecosystems where user satisfaction drives success.
Get a greater grasp of graphic design and its place in how to create effective visual designs.
Key UX milestones include the 1940s rise of human factors research in aviation, which focused on ergonomics and safety. In the 1960s, the invention of the computer mouse and demonstration of hypertext by Douglas Engelbart reshaped interaction possibilities. The 1984 release of the Apple Macintosh popularized graphical user interfaces (GUIs), and helped make computers accessible to non-technical users.
In the 1990s, the advocacy for “user experience” by Don Norman formalized the discipline. Also in that decade, the internet boom brought web usability to the forefront, with experts like Jakob Nielsen leading the way. The mid-2000s smartphone revolution, sparked by the iPhone, transformed UX with touch interactions and mobile-first design.
The 2020s have witnessed AI-driven personalization and immersive technologies like AR/VR represent the latest frontier, extending UX beyond screens into physical and hybrid experiences.
Peer into the past for a better understanding of where design foundations stand, in our article Build a common language by referring to design movements.
Cognitive psychology provided UX design with a scientific understanding of how humans process information. Theories like Miller's “Magic Number 7±2” explained working memory limits, guiding interface simplicity. The Hick-Hyman law, sometimes called Hick's law, quantified decision-making time, influencing menu design and navigation structures.
Gestalt principles helped designers arrange visual elements for intuitive perception. Cognitive load theory emphasized reducing mental effort, which improved usability and retention. Usability testing techniques originated from cognitive psychology experiments, ensuring designs match how people think and behave. By grounding UX in how the brain perceives, remembers, and decides, cognitive psychology—or cognitive science—ensures interfaces align with human capabilities instead of forcing users to adapt to technology. It's about the users' needs, not the design's needs.
Discover how to apply time-tested principles in great designs, in our article What Science Can Teach You about Designing Great Graphical User Interface Animations.
Before the internet boom, UX design focused mainly on desktop software and industrial systems. Designers tended to work within fixed environments, such as office computers or specialized workstations, often for trained operators. User testing was more limited, and iterative design cycles were slow due to software release constraints.
After the internet exploded in the mid-1990s, UX design needed to address massive, diverse audiences. Web usability became critical, emphasizing fast loading times, intuitive navigation, and cross-platform compatibility. Agile methods came to replace slow waterfall processes, enabling rapid prototyping and feedback loops. The internet's constant evolution also introduced ongoing optimization as a standard practice, transforming UX into a continuous, data-driven discipline rather than a one-time design effort.
Explore why Agile came about and how Agile design can offer a powerful approach in your design process.
The desktop computing era of the 1980s and 1990s established many core UX patterns still in use today. Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) like Windows and Mac OS replaced text commands, enabling direct manipulation through icons, menus, and drag-and-drop. Standardized interaction models—such as double-clicking to open files—built user familiarity across software.
Desktop environments allowed richer visual design, too, fostering the rise of skeuomorphism for intuitive metaphors. Applications had to balance functionality with usability for both novices and professionals. This era also popularized usability testing as companies sought to reduce training time and support costs. The desktop model's emphasis on consistency, clarity, and feedback remains a foundation for modern UX.
Discover how to create effective Graphical User Interfaces that succeed with users.
Mobile technology revolutionized UX by introducing portability, touch interaction, and context-aware design. Before smartphones became “the way,” mobile interfaces had tended to be cramped, text-heavy, and navigated via physical buttons. The 2007 iPhone launch set new UX standards with capacitive touchscreens, gestures, and full-screen apps.
Mobile-first design emerged, prioritizing small-screen usability, responsive layouts, and fast load times. Location services enabled personalized, context-driven experiences. Mobile UX also pushed designers toward minimalism due to screen constraints, influencing broader design aesthetics. This shift turned UX into a 24/7 discipline—designers had to consider use cases on the go, from quick information lookups to immersive social and entertainment apps, fundamentally changing the way products are conceived and built.
Explore how to take a mobile first design approach and use it to great advantage.
Skeuomorphic design—an approach that makes digital elements resemble their real-world counterparts—helped early computer users adapt to new interfaces. Icons like folders, trash bins, and notepads mirrored familiar objects, and so reduced learning curves.
Apple famously used skeuomorphism in its early software, with rich textures and shadows mimicking physical tools. This approach leveraged affordance theory: by resembling tangible items, digital controls suggested their function. While skeuomorphism fell out of fashion in favor of flat design, it played a critical transitional role, easing users out of analog into digital environments. Even today, onboarding flows and educational features often use skeuomorphic cues to bridge understanding for complex or unfamiliar systems.
Get a firmer foundation in skeuomorphic design to understand how to use it well, in our article Skeuomorphism is dead, long live skeuomorphism.
Touchscreens replaced indirect input devices like mice and enabled direct interaction with on-screen elements. This shift required designers to account for finger size, gesture recognition, and tactile feedback absence. Interfaces became larger, simpler, and more gesture-based, prioritizing tap, swipe, and pinch actions.
Touch UX also demanded new navigation models, such as bottom menus for thumb reach. Multi-touch capabilities enabled richer interactions, from rotating images to zooming maps. Indeed, accessibility improved, as users could interact without fine motor precision. Touchscreen design extended beyond phones to kiosks, tablets, and automotive systems—and pushed UX design toward more natural, human-centered interactions across industries.
Pick up powerful points to bring into better digital products, in our article How to Use “Tappability” Affordances.
Accessibility began in physical product design, with ergonomic tools and ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) standards influencing digital thinking. Early web design often overlooked accessibility—a “Wild West” of online designs meant barriers for users with disabilities.
The 1999 release of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) set the first global standards. Over time, legal cases and advocacy pushed accessibility from a compliance checkbox to a core UX design value. Today's accessible and inclusive design practices consider visual, auditory, cognitive, and motor impairments from the start. Accessibility now benefits all users—such as captions, which help in noisy environments, while high-contrast modes aid visibility in sunlight—proving that accessible design is good design in any case.
Discover how to ground your designs in accessibility so they can resonate better with all users.
Woodham, J. M. (2001). Designing Design History: From Pevsner to Postmodernism. ACCESS: Contemporary Issues in Education, 20(2), 130–140.
Jonathan M. Woodham's article critiques the early depiction of design history as a narrative of style and individual creativity. It emphasizes the intellectual freedom that comes from the relative youth of design history as an academic discipline and suggests its potential to strengthen understanding of material culture, combining insights from social, economic, and anthropological history. For UX designers, this article offers a reminder that design history can be reframed not just as chronology or aesthetics, but as a vehicle to investigate social context, cultural values, and the infrastructure of everyday creations—critical for building meaningful and user-centered experiences.
Norman, D. A. (1988). The Design of Everyday Things. Basic Books.
Originally titled The Psychology of Everyday Things, Donald Norman's foundational text explores how design communicates with users, introducing core concepts like affordances, signifiers, and the gulf of execution/evaluation. He argues that usability issues are design failures, not user faults—and that great design intuitively guides users. UX designers benefit from his clear framework for building intuitive interactions grounded in cognitive psychology. The book elevates user-centered design as a principle—and remains essential for creating human-friendly digital and physical experiences.
Norman, D. A. (2003). Emotional Design: Why We Love (or Hate) Everyday Things. Basic Books.
In Emotional Design, Norman extends the conversation beyond usability into how products can evoke visceral, behavioral, and reflective emotional responses. He posits that deeply pleasurable design—one that's functional and emotionally resonant—drives stronger engagement. UX practitioners gain a compelling reason to balance function with delight, employing emotion to enhance user satisfaction and brand connection. This perspective remains valuable for crafting memorable, meaningful digital experiences that resonate beyond mere utility.
Lees-Maffei, G., & Houze, R. (Eds.). (2020). The Design History Reader (2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Visual Arts.
This comprehensive anthology presents key writings that trace the intellectual development of design history as a discipline. Spanning decorative arts, industrial design, graphics, and critical theory, it includes classic and contemporary voices. For UX designers, the book offers vital historical context for understanding how user-product relationships have evolved. It equips practitioners with theoretical and cultural insight into the role of design across time and media, supporting a deeper, more reflective design practice. With contributions from leading scholars and designers, it's an essential resource for bridging academic design history with contemporary UX concerns.
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